HOW FIRST COMILER WAS EVER COMPILED ….

HOW FIRST COMPILER WAS EVER COMPILED?

A compiler is a computer program that translates text written in a computer language into another computer language. The original sequence is usually called the source code and the output called object code. The output from the compiler has is suitable for processing b other programs but it can be a human readable file. A compiler can perform lexical analysis, Preprocessing, Parsing, Semantic Analysis and Code optimization. The name “compiler” is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programing language to a lower level language like machine language. 

By 1949 programs contained mnemonics that were transformed into binary code instructions executable by the computer. Admiral Hopper and her team extended this improvement on binary code with the development of her first compiler, the A-O. The A-O series of compilers translated symbolic mathematical code into machine code, and allowed the specification of call numbers assigned to the collected programming routines stored on magnetic tape. At that time there was a need of compiler to write program.

So with the need of the compiler first ever compiler was complied by Rear admiral Dr. Grace Murray Hopper in 1949. She wrote the compiler in assembly Language where he converted symbolic mathematical code into machine code. He wrote this compiler for A-O programming language. She and her team was able to make the UNIVAC I and II “understand” twenty statements in English and then she recommend that English can be used to write programming language but she wasn`t able to convince people until she published her first compiler paper in 1952.

Admiral Grace Murray Hopper received many awards and commendations for her accomplishments. In 1969, she was awarded the first ever Computer Science Man-of-the-Year Award from the Data Processing Management Association. In 1973, she became the first person from the United States and the first woman of any nationality to be made a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society.

DATABASE AND SQL QUERIES

PROCEDURE OF SQL QUERY

To run the query on zoho, we have to upload the database or create the database online on the zoho then with the help of that we can run queries on it.

In this assignment we have to create two tables. One table will be of EMPLOYEE which will have the details of employee like the name of the employee, Designation, Join date, employee ID, Salary and Department.

In department we have taken Dept id, Dept name, Manager ID and the primary key here is Dept which is the foreign key in the EMPLOYEE database.

After importing this data to Zoho Database we have to run the New Query. Then while doing that we have to insert the columns and for new formulas we can use the tab with the name SQL functions there. We have to join and connect those columns and we have to define from which table they are.

e.g. While finding employee department we have to define that some of the columns which we have to put in the coding to make the query run.

For the first query of selecting employee location i.e. joining the data the we have to select the Emp ID, Last Name and first Name from EMPLOYEE table and Place from the DEPARTMENT.

In this query, there are queries for:

1. EMPLOYEE LOCATION :-

In this as explained earlier, we have to take Emp ID, last name, first name from Employee Table and Location from DEPARTMENT. This Query gives result of all the names of the employees with their Location of work.

2. CONDITION OF SALARY GREATER THAN 5,00,000:-

In this query we have to take all the values from the EMPLOYEE table and then we have to put the query as:

Select last name, first name, salary, job description from EMPLOYEE where salary > 500,000

From this query we can see that result is that we will get all our employees who are paid salary more than 5, 00, 000.00

3. STANDARD DEVIATION OF SALARY

For this query we have to select the function from the SQL function which has Std deviation in it. We have to select that SQL function and have to put salary in the bracket and after running that query we get standard deviation of salary.

4. SENIOR MANAGER AND MANAGING DIRECTOR HAVING SALARY MORE THAN 600000

In this we take the query of taking only senior manager, managing director and then in those the query will give result of those who are having salary more than 600,000.

We have to put the following query to do this:

select “EMP _id”, “LastName”, “FirstName”, “Salary”,”Dept” from “EMPLOYEE” where (“JobDescription” = ‘SR MANAGER’ or “JobDescription” = ‘JOINT M D’ ) and “Salary” >’600000′.

In this way we can prepare the database and run the queries.

the link for my queries from zoho is:-

http://db.zoho.com/ZDBDataSheetView.cc?DBID=22235000000003027

NORMALIZATION

Entities: – Library, Book, StudentAttributes: - Roll Number, Name, email Address, phone number, late fine outstanding, book title, book author, book ISBN, book price, library catalog number ( for the copy), quality of the copy, date issued, date to be returned. 

LIBRARY

Library Catalogue No.(PK)

Student Roll No.(FK)

ISBN No.(FK)

Quality Of Copy

Date OF Issue

Date Of Return

  

BOOK

ISBN No. (PK)

Book Title

Book Author

Book Price

  

STUDENT

Student Roll No.(PK)

Name

E-Mail ID

Phone No.

Last Fine Outstanding

System Architecture

Paras :- Hi Jay, How was the first class of System Engineering ?

Me:- It was good. Sir gave introduction and start teaching from the system Architecture. You can see those slides in kk.yantrajaal.

Paras: - Ya I saw those slides but I couldn’t download it and it seems hard to read as the font is small. Can u help me out to give brief idea about what system architecture is all about?

Me :- yes definitely. See these slides tell about the different types of Tiers used in the system architecture. Basically the important principle of system architecture is that the data application should be distinct means while preparing the application the program should read the values or commands from the distinct point.

Paras : - and what you were talking about tiers in system architecture?  

Me:- There are 3 tiers in systems architecture.

They are differentiated as single tier, Two Tier, Three Tier and Multi tier.

In two tire architecture, the data is kept in server and the applications are in the individual computers. To connect these data center and individual computers LAN network is used.

Paras: - What are the advantages of the Two Tier system architecture?

Me:- Advantages of this are: as data and applications are stored in different places it does not put burden on server machine when the number of users are more.

But the problem in this is if more number of users is there then the bandwidth can become a problem. Or else the application will become slow.

Paras: – which are the other tiers of the system architecture?

Me:- Other tiers are three tier and multi-tier. Let me explain it to you.

In three tier the application and data is kept centrally in different servers. The users computers have only user interface. This tier helps when all the business applications and data need to be kept in centralized place and any change in the business process must affect whole business.

Example might be if company changes its credit policy from 20 days to 15 days then with the help of this kind of architecture the change will be done to all the centers at a time.

Paras: - and multi tier architecture?

Me:- In multi tier architecture system internet and web applications plays main role. In this multi tier architecture data server, business applications and server for web browser are there in main office and other places or computer are connected to it through Internet. Internet plays a role like WAN connection as in the two tier and multi tier architecture. Sometime the business application and web server are single only but it depends on the company`s policy and usage.

Paras: - this is about the data structure but how company uses the data from the database? Do they use any special program?

Me :- How company uses the data from Data Server? With the help of which

To use the data from the database some companies prepare their own programs for each of its function like HR, Finance, Sales, and Mktg etc.  Or some companies buys ERP systems of SAP, and Oracle etc.

Paras :- But what is preferable ? buying or making these programs?

Me: – It depends on companies policy. Cost and time are main constraint in this decision.

Paras: –  But what are the advantages or plus points of ERP systems?

Me: –  Advantages of Using ERP programs are:

It provides integration of data over all centers it means synchronization of data is done automatically.

To serve all the areas of oraganisations, company can buy ERP from single vendor. The advantage is these vendors prepare these ERPs taking into consideration the best practices               available which assure us to the quality of the product.

As these are readymade systems, ERP are also faster implement and they are easy to maintain.

Paras: – But what if there are any special department which needs to use its own application than ERP?

Me:- In case of any special work or job which need special software they can have it. Again they can link with ERP and have some special software’s or they can use different program to replace ERP.

Paras: - But in multi tier when the applications are web based it have the danger of data theft, right?
Me:- yes. When Database, web server and ERP system are loaded on main server and they are linked to the other places with the help of Internet then there is always a danger of data theft or hacking. This danger can be served with the help of firewall. Firewall can save the systems from data theft and virus also.

Paras : – Thank you Jay to help me .But I must say this is interesting subject.

Me : – You are welcome yaar and while telling you I also revised my knowledge. Bye.